Video Games: Positive Agents Of Change Essay -- Video Games Essays

Computer games have experienced harsh criticism as of late. Numerous individuals guarantee the realistic viciousness and grown-up subjects in the games have influenced more youthful ages and caused numerous brutal demonstrations. Others guarantee that computer games have added to corpulence and an absence of relational abilities. Both of these cases are regularly a more seasoned age's misconception of the present youth and the overcompensation of the media. Infrequently does the predominant press depict computer games for what they truly are, another path for children to communicate and share significant encounters all without being in any peril. Computer games have unlimited prospects and ought to be thought of as devices to show the adolescent instead of the malignant growth that attacks them. Albeit numerous individuals see computer games as an issue, they are really a positive power since they have vast opportunities for good. Computer games have gotten one of the most famous leisure activities for kids nowadays. With the appearance of amazing illustrations processors and increasingly inventive chip plans, games are getting extraordinarily reasonable. This authenticity is the thing that carries numerous gamers to the business. Authenticity, one might say, is the reason the gaming business has taken off and expands benefits each year. Computer games are not only a pleasant leisure activity or side interest, they are path for gamers to get away from the world and envision themselves in an altogether new scene. Computer games are dreams with controllers. While passing through a course in a computer game, one doesn't feel as though they are sitting before a TV playing a game, they feel as though they are the vehicle. This is a hard marvel to clarify yet computer games are such a worldwide action inside the mind that the client really feels as though he is in the game living the experience. This, is clearly lim ... ...deo games are an extraordinary path for kids and even grown-ups to escape from the world for some time. Players are enveloped with their own virtual world and can communicate how they are feeling through the game. Computer games can likewise have extraordinary positive reactions and could even be the preparation system of things to come for some callings. The individuals who contend against computer games on the grounds of brutality and desensitization misjudge the disposition of kids toward computer games and suggest that people are not any more entangled than â€Å"monkey-see monkey-do.† Video games despite everything have a great deal of potential and they can be utilized for significantly more than just unwinding and fun. They can be a social medium, an operator of progress. A decent computer game can resemble a gem that rouses individuals to attempt new things or change the manner in which they consider something. Be that as it may, to the exclusion of everything else, computer games sure are enjoyable.

Importance Of Both Financial And Non Financial Motivation Commerce Essay

Significance Of Both Financial And Non Financial Motivation Commerce Essay It is broadly accepted that a viable administration arrangement of inspiration in an organization will legitimately impact workers to accomplish their objectives and organizations targets (Accel-group, 2010). As per Accel-group (2010), inspiration can be clarified in budgetary and non-monetary perspectives. Monetary prizes can be characterized as utilizing cash as a motivator to representatives for improving profitability. Conversely, non-money related prizes rouse representatives by work extension, group working, and quality control circles and so on. The underneath contention will show that budgetary and non-money related inspirations are the two determinants which influence workers through examination. Taloy year called attention to that the most ideal approach to rouse individuals at work is by cash. At the end of the day, those laborers who produce more in a reasonable day can get greater installment (Accel-group, 2010). The principle explanation behind specialists to go to work is that they can procure cash to expend (Accel-group, 2010). Subsequently, laborers are urged to fill in as effective as conceivable they can (Accel-group, 2010). For instance, Tesco is one of the best three retails in UK (Thetimes100, 2011). There are more than 3700 stores and 440000 representatives all around, which is hard to arrange well (Thetimes100, 2011). Be that as it may, Tesco utilizes impetus installment to propel workers (Thetimes100, 2011). Tesco give representatives expanded pay, yet additionally use focused on advantage to help the fluctuated ways of life of workers (Thetimes100, 2011). Moreover, Fringe benefits like to give their laborer some in kind as opposed to in crash (Accel-group, 2010). For example, organization vehicles and private medical coverage may prompt great execution of representatives in an organization (Accel-group, 2010). As another model that the fortune magazine expresses that Google is an organization which is recorded on the best 50 organizations to best work for (Ezinearticles, 2008). Google give their staff some typical advantages which certain wellbeing cares and kids offices by permitting laborers to carry their pets to work (Ezinearticles, 2008). The outcome for these arrangement of Fringe benefits not just diminishes the quantity of wiped out leave days, yet in addition can bring a decent domain for laborers. All things considered, money related prizes are not by any means the only technique that fulfills workers. There are non-monetary prizes, which are as significant as budgetary prize (Changingminds, 2011). Fredrick Herzberg of necessities has asserted that both budgetary and non-money related prizes assume huge jobs in inspiration (Changingminds, 2011). This is appear in Figure 1, physiological need is at the base of the pyramid, for example, compensation for specialist to be utilized every week or giving laborers a decent workplace (Changingminds, 2011). In the event that the physiological needs are fulfilled, workers needs will move to the following level which is called wellbeing needs, for example, living in a protected zone or employer stability. As the level goes up in the pyramid, the money related variables won't fulfill the laborers need while non-budgetary prizes spur representatives (Changingminds, 2011). Figure 1 (Changingminds, 2011) So as to spur representatives in more significant levels in Maslows chain of command of requirements, it is vital for business to consider more in non-monetary rewards, for example, work extension and cooperation quality control circles. Employment amplification includes giving laborers more occupations to abstain from continuing doing likewise work. At the end of the day, they can change their occupations and undertakings, so they won't feel exhausted. For instance, KFC contributed in excess of 240 million Yuan for 20 million workers over a 17-year time span when it entered China advertise ( Robroad, nd).The explanation behind KFC to utilize such a lot of cash to prepare their representatives is that it intends to improve workers capacity to manage various employments and assignments ( Robroad, nd). In the interim, cooperation is another acceptable method to consolidate surveyed gifts to work all the more productively. For instance, one of the overall chiefs in extravagance cars BMW accepted that cooperation assists laborers with confiding in one another and share their thoughts by conceptualizing, which henceforth enables the organization to run all the more proficiently (Swampfox, nd). Along these lines, BMW went through a large number of cash to make laborers figured out how to trust and impart better through a progression of training by utilizing extreme driving machine (Swampfox, nd). At last, quality control circles can improve the idea of occupation straightforwardly. Staff can meet consistently to examine and tackle creation issues. Furthermore, they likewise have capacities to assist the organization with making choices. The notable PC organization IBM does well around there, representatives in IBM can participate in dynamic and bring some valuable thoughts for the organization (Ocities, nd). Simultaneously workers feel that they are trusted and incredible when they were making an endeavor to tackle the issue (Ocities, nd). Subsequently, non-monetary inspiration, for example, work broadening, cooperation and quality control circles are likewise powerful approaches to spur representatives. In synopsis, it is vital for an organization to ensure what the workers truly require and pick money related prizes or non-monetary awards to support them. There is no uncertainty that reasonable day pay and incidental advantages are still reasons why individuals continue working. Be that as it may, non-money related prizes which incorporate occupation growth, collaboration and quality control circles are more pulled in for some higher instructed workers, which are similarly as significant as monetary prizes. Along these lines, organizations need to adjust every one of them and utilize them to persuade the staffs. References Section: Accel-group (2010) [Online] Employee Motivation: Theory and practice Accessible at: http://www.accel-teamHYPERLINK http://www.accel-team.com/inspiration/index.html.com/inspiration/index.html Access Date: 12, March, 2011 Changingminds (2011) [Online] Maslows Hierarchy Accessible at: http://changingminds.org/clarifications/needs/maslow.htm Access Date: 12, March, 2011 Ezinearticles (2011) [Online] Google sets the standard for a glad workplace Accessible at: http://ezinearticles.com/?Google-Sets-The-Standard-For-A-Happy-Work-EnvironmentHYPERLINK http://ezinearticles.com/?Google-Sets-The-Standard-For-A-Happy-Work-Environmentid=979201HYPERLINK http://ezinearticles.com/?Google-Sets-The-Standard-For-A-Happy-Work-Environmentid=979201id=979201 Access Date: 11, March, 2011 Qocities (nd) [Online] IBM Ideas Program Guide Accessible at: http://www.oocities.org/~keithgibby/ibm_ideas_prog_guide.htm Access Date: 12, March, 2011 Robroad (nd) [Online] KFC eatery supervisors to do what the primary employment Accessible at: http://www.robroad.com/light-industry/index.php/café preparing kfc/ Access Date: 12, March, 2011 Swampfox (nd) [Online] BMW conveys collaboration at Performance Center in Greer Accessible at: http://www.swampfox.ws/bmw-conveys collaboration at-execution focus in-greer Access Date: 12, March, 2011 Thetimes100 (2011) [Online] Motivation hypothesis by and by at Tesco Accessible at: http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studymotivational-hypothesis by and by at-tesco132-396-3.php Access Date: 12, March, 2011

ENFJ Personality Characteristics & Cognitive Functions

ENFJ Personality Characteristics & Cognitive Functions Theories Personality Psychology Print ENFJ: The Giver (Extraverted, Intuitive, Feeling, Judging) An Overview of the ENFJ Personality Type By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on May 14, 2019 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Overview Intuitive-Thinking INTJ INTP ENTJ ENTP Intuitive-Feeling INFJ INFP ENFJ ENFP Sensing-Judging ISTJ ISFJ ESTJ ESFJ Sensing-Perceiving ISTP ISFP ESTP ESFP In This Article Table of Contents Expand Key ENFJ Characteristics Cognitive Functions Personal Relationships Career Paths Tips for Interacting With ENFJs View All ENFJ is one of the 16 different personality types identified by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.?? Some other types are known by the acronyms ESFJ, ENFP,  INFP, ISFJ, and INTP. People with ENFJ personality type are often described as warm, outgoing, loyal, and sensitive. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell Of all the personality types, the ENFJ is often perceived as being the strongest people person. They are capable of forging friendships of all personality types, even with more introverted or reticent individuals. Because of their ability to sense what others feel and affect how people behave, they do have the ability to influence and even manipulate others. This is balanced by their strong value system and desire to help other people be the best that they can be. ENFJ is the opposite of the ISTP personality type. Psychologist David Keirsey suggests that approximately two to five percent of all people have an ENFJ personality. Key ENFJ Characteristics ENFJs are strong extraverts; then sincerely enjoy spending time with other people. They have great people skills and are often described as warm, affectionate and supportive. Not only are people with this personality type great at encouraging other people, they also derive personal satisfaction from helping others.ENFJs are often so interested in devoting their time to others that they can neglect their own needs. They also have a tendency to be too hard on themselves, blaming themselves for when things go wrong and not giving themselves enough credit when things go right. Because of this, it is important that people with this personality type regularly set aside some time to attend to their own needs.They are also good at bringing consensus among diverse people. For this reason, they can be outstanding leaders and bring an enthusiasm to a group that can be motivating and inspirational.One common myth about ENFJs is that they are always sociable. While they love people, they do need time alone in order to assimilate and organize their thoughts. Strengths Outgoing and warm-hearted Empathetic Wide social circle Encouraging Organized Weaknesses Approval-seeking Overly sensitive Indecisive Self-sacrificing Cognitive Functions Each MBTI personality type can be identified by a hierarchical stack of cognitive functions that represent how each person interacts with the world. These functions focus on how people take in information about the world and how they then use this information to make decisions. Dominant: Extraverted Feeling ENFJs express this cognitive function through their engaging social behavior and harmonious social relationships. They are in tune with other peoples feelings, often to the point that they ignore their own needs in order to please others. ENFJs place a stronger emphasis on personal, subject considerations rather than objective criteria when making decisions. How a decision will impact others is often a primary concern. Auxiliary: Introverted Intuition ENFJs like to think about the future rather than the present. They may often become so focused on the larger goal that they lose sight of the immediate details. As ENFJs take in information about the world, their introverted intuition processes this data in order to create impressions, ideas, and thoughts. This allows them to spot patterns and make sense of complex or abstract data. Tertiary: Extraverted Sensing In an ENFJs personality, extraverted sensing causes them to take in the present moment, gathering concrete details and sensory information from the environment. Because of this, they will often seek out novel or interesting experiences and sensations. People with this personality type tend to be very aware of their present environment. This can lead to a great appreciation of aesthetics and a desire to create a pleasing space. Inferior: Introverted Thinking ENFJs are organized and enjoy structure and careful planning. Sticking to a predictable schedule helps ENFJs feel in control of the world around them. Because this is an inferior function, ENFPs may not have a great deal of confidence in their own ability to be logical and organized. Developing this function can help people with this personality type feel more balanced and in control of their decision-making process. Neglecting this aspect of personality can lead to relying solely on personal values when making decisions and neglecting the need for logic. ENFJs You Might Know Abraham Maslow, psychologistPeyton Manning, football playerBarack Obama, U.S. presidentBono, musicianElizabeth Bennet, character in Pride and Prejudice Personal Relationships ENFJs value other people highly and are warm, nurturing, and supportive in personal relationships. At times they can become very wrapped up in other peoples problems. They are altruistic and interested in helping others, which can sometimes come off as a bit overbearing. Despite this, they are usually very well liked and people appreciate their genuine concern and care. As parents, ENFJs are nurturing and warm, although they can sometimes be accused of being so-called helicopter parents. They are directly involved in their childrens lives, although they can sometimes be quite strict and even rigid at times. ENFJs need to remember to give their children room to explore and express their individuality, particularly as children age into adolescence. ENFJs have an outgoing personality and enjoy spending time with other people. Being in social settings helps them feel energized. In friendships and other relationships, people typically describe ENFJs as supportive and fun to be around. They are particularly good at relating to others and are known to help bring out the best in the people with whom they spend their time. Career Paths ENFJs often do best in careers where they get to help other people and spend a great deal of time interacting with others.  Because of their strong communication and organizational skills, ENFJs can make great leaders and managers. They are good at organizing activities, helping each group member achieve their potential and resolving interpersonal conflicts. They strive to create harmony in all situations, and always seem to know what to do to ease tensions and minimize disagreements. Popular ENFJ Careers CounselorTeacherPsychologistSocial workerHuman resources managerSales representativeManager Tips for Interacting With ENFJs Friendships One of the best ways to be a good friend to an ENFJ is to accept the care and support that they naturally offer. People with this personality type enjoy helping their friends, and it is important to show that you accept and appreciate what they have to offer. However, it is also important that you offer your support in return. ENFJs are not always good at asking for help when they need it. In many cases, simply being willing to listen to whatever they have to share can be very helpful. Parenting Children of ENFJs might find it difficult to live up to their parents high exceptions. At times, the ENFJ parents hands-on approach to parenting can be stifling and make it difficult for kids to explore the world on their own terms. Parents of ENFJ children should recognize that their children are extremely empathetic, sometimes to the point that they may feel overwhelmed by the strong emotions that other people evoke. These children are giving and caring but may find it difficult to burden others with their own struggles. Parents should encourage their children to care for others, while still taking care of their own emotional well-being. Relationships Because ENFJs are so sensitive to the feelings of others, your happiness is critical to your partners happiness. Remember that your partner may even put their own needs last in order to ensure that your needs are met. Let your ENFJ partner know how much you appreciate all the support and care that they offer and be willing to provide the same support in return â€" even if he or she struggles to ask for help.

V-1 Flying Bomb in World War II

The V-1 flying bomb was developed by Germany during World War II (1939-1945) as a vengeance weapon and was an early unguided cruise missile. Tested at Peenemà ¼nde-West facility, the V-1 was the only production aircraft to utilize a pulsejet for its power plant.The first of the V-weapons to become operational, the V-1 flying bomb entered service in June 1944 and was used to strike London and southeastern England from launch facilities in northern France and the Low Countries. When these facilities were overrun, V-1s were fired at Allied port facilities around Antwerp, Belgium. Due to its high speed, few Allied fighters were capable of intercepting a V-1 in flight. Fast Facts: V-1 Flying Bomb User: Nazi GermanyManufacturer: FieselerIntroduced: 1944Length: 27 ft., 3 in.Wingspan: 17 ft. 6 in.Loaded Weight: 4,750 lbs. Performance Power Plant: Argus As 109-014 pulse jet engineRange: 150 milesMax Speed: 393 mphGuidance System: Gyrocompass based autopilot Armament Warhead: 1,870 lbs. Amatol Design The idea of a flying bomb was first proposed to the Luftwaffe in 1939. Turned down, a second proposal was also declined in 1941. With German losses increasing, the Luftwaffe revisited the concept in June 1942 and approved the development of an inexpensive flying bomb that possessed a range of around 150 miles. To protect the project from Allied spies, it was designated Flak Ziel Geraet (anti-aircraft target apparatus). Design of the weapon was overseen by Robert Lusser of Fieseler and Fritz Gosslau of the Argus engine works. Refining the earlier work of Paul Schmidt, Gosslau designed a pulse jet engine for the weapon. Consisting of few moving parts, the pulse jet operated by air entering into the intake where it was mixed with fuel and ignited by spark plugs. The combustion of the mixture forced sets of intake shutters closed, producing a burst of thrust out the exhaust. The shutters then opened again in the airflow to repeat the process. This occurred around fifty times a second and gave the engine its distinctive buzz sound. A further advantage to the pulse jet design was that it could operate on low-grade fuel. Cutaway drawing of V-1. US Air Force Gosslaus engine was mounted above a simple fuselage which possessed short, stubby wings. Designed by Lusser, the airframe was originally constructed entirely of welded sheet steel. In production, plywood was substituted for constructing the wings. The flying bomb was directed to its target through the use of a simple guidance system which relied on gyroscopes for stability, a magnetic compass for heading, and a barometric altimeter for altitude control. A vane anemometer on the nose drove a counter which determined when the target area was reached and triggered a mechanism to cause the bomb to dive. Development Development of the flying bomb progressed at the Peenemà ¼nde, where the V-2 rocket was being tested. The first glide test of the weapon occurred in early December 1942, with the first powered flight on Christmas Eve. Work continued through the spring of 1943, and on May 26, Nazi officials decided to place the weapon into production. Designated the Fiesler Fi-103, it was more commonly referred to as V-1, for Vergeltungswaffe Einz (Vengeance Weapon 1). With this approval, work accelerated at Peenemà ¼nde while operational units were formed and launch sites constructed. A German crew prepares a V-1, 1944. Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1975-117-26 / Lysiak / CC-BY-SA 3.0 While many of the V-1s early test flights had commenced from German aircraft, the weapon was intended to be launched from ground sites through the use of ramps fitted with steam or chemical catapults. These sites were quickly constructed in northern France in the Pas-de-Calais region. While many early sites were destroyed by Allied aircraft as part of Operation Crossbow before becoming operational, new, concealed locations were built to replace them. While V-1 production was spread across Germany, many were built by slave labor at the notorious underground Mittelwerk plant near Nordhausen. Operational History The first V-1 attacks occurred on June 13, 1944, when around ten of the missiles were fired towards London. V-1 attacks began in earnest two days later, inaugurating the flying bomb blitz. Due to the odd sound of the V-1s engine, the British public dubbed the new weapon the buzz bomb and doodlebug. Like the V-2, the V-1 was unable to strike specific targets and was intended to be an area weapon that inspired terror in the British population. Those on the ground quickly learned that the end of a V-1s buzz signaled that it was diving to the ground. Early Allied efforts to counter the new weapon were haphazard as fighter patrols often lacked aircraft that could catch the V-1 at its cruising altitude of 2,000-3,000 feet and anti-aircraft guns could not traverse quickly enough to hit it. To combat the threat, anti-aircraft guns were redeployed across southeastern England and over 2,000 barrage balloons were also deployed. The only aircraft suitable for defensive duties in mid-1944 was the new Hawker Tempest which was only available in limited numbers. This was soon joined by modified P-51 Mustangs and Spitfire Mark XIVs. Seen in silhouette, a Royal Air Force Supermarine Spitfire manoeuvres alongside a German V-1 flying bomb in an attempt to deflect it from its target. Public Domain At night, the De Havilland Mosquito was used as an effective interceptor. While the Allies made improvements in aerial interception, new tools aided the fight from the ground. In addition to faster-traversing guns, the arrival of gun-laying radars (such as the SCR-584) and proximity fuses made ground fire the most effective way of defeating the V-1. By late August 1944, 70% of V-1s were destroyed by guns on the coast. While these home defense techniques were becoming effective, the threat was only ended when Allied troops overran German launch positions in France and the Low Countries. With the loss of these launch sites, the Germans were forced to rely on air-launched V-1s for striking at Britain. These were fired from modified Heinkel He-111s flying over the North Sea. A total of 1,176 V-1s were launched in this manner until the Luftwaffe suspended the approach due to bomber losses in January 1945. Though no longer able to hit targets in Britain, the Germans continued to use the V-1 to strike at Antwerp and other key sites in the Low Countries that had been liberated by the Allies. A German Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 H-22 with a V-1 mounted. US Air Force Over 30,000 V-1s were produced during the war with around 10,000 fired at targets in Britain. Of these, only 2,419 reached London, killing 6,184 people and injuring 17,981. Antwerp, a popular target, was hit by 2,448 between October 1944 and March 1945. A total of around 9,000 were fired at targets in Continental Europe. Though V-1s only struck their target 25% of the time, they proved more economical than the Luftwaffes bombing campaign of 1940/41. Regardless, the V-1 was largely a terror weapon and had little overall impact on the outcome of the war. During the war, both the United States and the Soviet Union reverse engineered the V-1 and produced their versions. Though neither saw combat service, the American JB-2 was intended for use during the proposed invasion of Japan. Retained by the US Air Force, the JB-2 was used as a test platform into the 1950s.

Analysis Of Rubber Men And Flashbacks - 1758 Words

Suma Thati Media Studies 10: Intro to Media Studies Fall 2016 Rubber Men and Flashbacks: Narrative Complexity in American Horror Story: Murder House In the third episode of Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk’s anthology drama American Horror Story: Murder House (henceforth AHS: Murder House), Violet Harmon, the daughter of Ben and Vivien Harmon (the owners of the titular house) begins a relationship with Tate Langdon. It is only in the sixth episode that she finds out that Tate is not in fact alive: he was shot and killed in 1994 by police following his murder of 15 students at his high school. Up until then, and even afterwards, Violet and Tate co-exist harmoniously. The audience almost forgets that Tate is a ghost. This blurred boundary†¦show more content†¦A narratively complex show thus rejects the episodic convention of a return to the original status quo at the end of each episode, as one might see in an episode of Friends. Problems are often left unresolved to be expanded upon in future episodes. Narrative complexity is thus cumulative and unconventional: it is a combination of episodic closure and serial accumu lation, and employs new and engaging narratives and forms of storytelling (Jackson). Of the many ways to achieve narrative complexity, Mittell discusses â€Å"operational aesthetic,† which can best be described as something similar to special effects. Operational aesthetic is augmented in certain moments within a narratively complex program. That being said, complex television employs something called the narrative special effect, which is when a program makes use of certain storytelling tools, to engage the viewer (Mittell 43). It is by way of the narrative special effect that the media makers attempt to foster engagement in audiences by planting clues, and this can be achieved through, for example, shifts in perspective or time, dreams or fantasy sequences, and the absence of clear storytelling cues. The result is that audiences focus and speculate on form and structure in addition to content (Jackson). As a narratively complex program, AHS: Murder House makes use of narrat ive special effects to drive its storyline and to develop its characters. Episodes start in different time periods, and characters are oftenShow MoreRelatedLiterary Criticism : Not Just A Pretty Face 2609 Words   |  11 Pageswritten word. He contends that it suffers not only from inconsistencies internally because of Socrates analogy between memory and writing, but also because his ideas come to us only through his written word. Many deconstructive arguments center on the analysis of its oppositions. The person doing the deconstruction looks for ways in which one term is more privileged than the other in a particular text because it is considered the general, or normal, term, while the other is considered special or exceptionalRead MoreThe Hot Zone9599 Words   |  39 Pagesclotting agent. He is bleeding from his nose, as well as internally. By the time he reaches the hospital, Monet crashes and falls to the floor in a river of virus-infected blood. The Hot Zone Summary | Part 1, Chapter 1 Something in the Forest Analysis The author develops the first chapter with extreme attention to detail. In the plot structure of The Hot Zone, Part 1 acts as the exposition. The landscape of the region is used to foreshadow the potential for fear and death that may follow throughoutRead MoreProject on Stress Management9684 Words   |  39 Pagesball is about to be served at the other end. Certain Statistics that support common belief about stress: Statistics from a recent global stress research study show that increased stress is felt worldwide, and stress affects women differently than men: A recent Roper Starch Worldwide survey of 30,000 people between the ages of 13 and 65 in 30 countries showed: †¢ Women who work full-time and have children under the age of 13 report the greatest stress worldwide †¢ Nearly one in four mothersRead MoreTaguibo Watershed6389 Words   |  26 Pagessecond-growth forest but below 50% slope and 1000 meters above sea level, composing 589 hectares. A brush land area consists 227 hectares; grassland covers 641 hectares dominated by Cogon and Talahib among others. 148 hectares is filled with Falcata and rubber plantations. 62 hectares, meanwhile, constitute residential houses, barangay hall, bunkhouses as such. Roads and trails cover 22 hectares while rivers and creeks cover an estimated 27 hectares. Total cultivated area planted with fruit trees, coconut

“Crazy Homeless Man” Essay Free Essays

â€Å"Crazy Homeless Man† It was sophomore year of high school and after a long day of taking tests and writing essays it was finally time to go home. My cousin and I waited for and then got into our regular train. As we got in, we saw nothing out of the ordinary; you had your regular business man with too much product in his perfectly combed hair, that seemed as though he had spent hours on it, reading his newspaper while tapping his overpriced shoes on the floor, screaming little kids jumping up and down and swinging from the poles while their negligent nannies, totally oblivious of the whole scene, sit quietly reading their new editions of Harry Potter, and finally the homeless guy on the corner seat wrapped up in old newspapers and a dirty fleece, probably found while searching through some garbage, trying to get a good nap in before he has to switch trains. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Crazy Homeless Man† Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Nothing different about this train ride,† we thought to ourselves as the train left the station. Shortly after we took our seats, the homeless man awoke, stood up, and started walking around looking at people and sniffing the train. Everyone looked away as though to look busy, just in case the man tried to shout out his life story and then beg for money. Instead he took an old sock out of his pocket that looked worn out, and started to clean the train doors with it. He said, â€Å"Child, this train is dirty! † He moved around the train trying not to fall or lose his balance as he swept the floor with the old sock. He then took out an air deodorizer and started spraying it on the train walls. My cousin and I tried so hard not to laugh. We looked away so that we weren’t tempted. Our giggles and smiles soon changed into surprised, scared, frozen expressions as the man took out a lighter and said, â€Å"I can’t take this dirty train anymore. † I knew because of my immature eighth grade friends that when someone had an aerosol†¦ How to cite â€Å"Crazy Homeless Man† Essay, Essay examples

Auditor Liability (2004 words) Essay Example For Students

Auditor Liability (2004 words) Essay Auditor LiabilityannonThroughout the Eighties and into the Nineties thequestion of liability has become more prevalent in the practice of publicaccounting. Recently, the AICPA has been lobbying for liability reform incases involving negligence or malpractice by public acco untants. Opposition to this lobbying has come from consumer advocacy organizations,trial lawyers associations, and state public interest groups to name afew. (Bolinger p. 53) The key to success for the AICPA, according to GaryM. Bolinger is creatingan image as a, profession performing high-quality services but facedwith excessive liability burdens that harm the public interest. (Bolingerp.56)One should not be concerned, however, in the pending politicaloutcome, but in weighing the evidence argued by both sides and developinga sound reasonable basis. Therefore, the remainder of this document shallconcern itself with comparing the prevalen t arguments of both sidesagainst one another and drawing a conclusion based on the evidence. Opponents of liability reform rely heavily on an idealisticconstitutional argument as well as an economic argument to foster theirpoint. The main components of their argument are as follows: Limitingrecovery of loss has a detrimental effect on thosewhich are harmed by alleged negligence. The cost of liability isreasonable when compared to total revenues, and in light of a CPAs publicresponsibility. Indemnity insurance spreads risk in the aggregatetherefore removing the element of risk at the f irm level. The threat oflitigation provides public accountants with a deterrent against negligentwork. Finally, the results of lawsuits cause the profession itself toimplement new standards. (Bolinger p.54)The AICPA and its supporters have developed their argument basedon continued liabilitys likely effect on the profession as well as aneconomic argument. The arguments in favor of liability reform include theeffect of continued liability on the availab ility of CPA services. Thelikelihood of fe e increases resulting from liability risk. The threat ofthe inability of public accounting to obtain and retain qualifiedindividuals. (Bolinger p.56) Finally, the complexities involved in theaudit engagemen t and the subjective decision making process versus theability of a given jury to understand and levy a fair decision in suchcases. After examining the arguments of both sides one will see thatlitigation in its current form is a hindrance to the accou ntingprofession as well as society, and the benefits provided by litigation areattainable through enforcement of professional standards. The first of the opponents arguments finds its basis fromidealistic Constitutional principal. The notion that those which havebeen wronged, either directly or indirectly, deserve compensation fortheir estimated loss is one which first found favor inthe case of Thomas v. Winchester in 1942. (Minnis p.4) In this case, forthe first time a third party received compensation. (Minnis p.4) Theprecedent set by this case is the notion of duty owed to a third partyif it ascertains that a duty is owed t hen a third party has a right toseek compensation. The case which most directly affected auditors is acase filed in the UK, Hedley Byrne and Co Ltd v Heller and Partners Ltd(1964). (Minnis p.9) This case ultimately developed a situation where aban k passed to its client a certificate of credit-worthiness on apotential client. The business which was deemed credit-worthy ultimatelyfailed, and claim resulted by the third party against the bank issuing thecertificate.!(Minnis p.9) The finding in the The notion that all parties remotely affected by a given action(or lack thereof) deserve compensation for their loss is one which isembraced by the legal community and rightfully so, after all a drasticreduction in the number of claims filed would r esult otherwise. Theargument made in its favor is that all those harmed by negligent activitydeserve compensation. Idealistically this is true, and theoreticallyanyone who makes a decision based entirely on the results of an auditorsreport, and suf fers a loss due to negligence in preparation by theauditor, deserves compensation. Realistically, however, this is notusually the case. With the exception of banks, whom are approached bybusinesses for the possibility of tendering a loan, and therefo re do notinitiate contact; all other investors would only take the time to reviewthe financial statements of a given company if another mitigating forceattracted them. Therefore, it is reasonably asserted, that significa!nt third parties, such as banks aA second argument against liability reform is that the cost ofmalpractice suits are reasonable in comparison with the revenues and levelof public responsibility delegated to CPA firms. An argument against thisis made twofold. First, the total numberof claims is not reasonable, but rather, astronomical. According to arecent industry estimate, the accounting profession as a whole is facing4,000 lawsuits and $30 billion in potential claims pending against it.(Clolery p.42) Recent trends indicat e the total value of claims arecontinually increasing, one has to ask at what point will the value ofclaims become unreasonable? As claims continue to increase the demand forindemnity insurance, which is cyclical in nature, will increase alsocausing insurance expense to continually rise. The French and Indian War EssayThis brings up another key point in the liability reform issue,which is the likelihood of fee increases. Fee increases as a result ofmalpractice are incurred in three areas: the increase resulting frominsurance expense, the increase resulting from t he costs of performingthe engagement, and increases resulting from litigation expense. Thefirst two issues are covered previously. The area of insurance expense isdiscussed in the section covering indemnity insurance, while the cost ofthe engagementis illustrated in the most recent section. Additionally, the cost oflitigation services are also absorbed in engagement fees. A third area used in the AICPAs argument is that of obtaining andretaining quality professionals. The basis for this argument is that welleducated intelligent persons, ones which public accounting seeks toattract into the profession, are less likel y to pursue a career in publicaccounting if high levels of liability risk exist. Furthermore, those whodo enter public accounting are more likely to leave the profession due toliability risk. This argument has merit inasmuch as pointing out theprofe ssions dedication to employ only qualified individuals; however theeffect it will have on those choosing to enter the profession is difficultto prove. One may ascertain the rationale behind leaving a professionwhere the pressures of liability exist, b ut public accounting will neverhave difficulty recruiting young professionals. Finally, an area not addressed by the AICPA but which deservesconsideration nevertheless, is that of the complexities and subjectivenessof auditing versus the ability of jurors to issue an educated decision. The justice system relies on the services o f jurors to levy decisions;however, in highly technical areas the ability of jurors is suspect. Inmalpractice cases the verdict often hinges on compliance with GAAS. (Buckless p.164)A study was conducted concerning juror decisions based on a firmscompliance with GAAS by Frank A. Buckless and Robert L. Peace of the NorthCarolina State University. They conducted a factorial experiment using22 format. The four possibilities are as follows: instructionsindicating compliance with GAAS and such compliance is the onlyconsiderable factor, compliance with GAAS and all factors are considered,compliance with government standards and only compliance is considerable,and compliance wit h government standards with all factors beingconsidered. (Buckless p.169) The study concluded, that jurors attachedgreater credibility to auditing standards established by the federalgovernment than to those established by the auditing profession. (Buckless p.173) In a subsequent article the point is raised that whendiscussing the issue of government versus professional standards, one areaincluded a government witness while the other a witness from theprofession, b!ut not a cros s sample of both; thIn regression analysis of the same sample, education is foundsignificant with those more educated being more likely to find in favor ofthe auditor. (Buckless p.172) This creates significant implicationsregarding a jurys ability to reach a fair verdi ct in cases as technicaland subjective as accounting malpractice cases. The above argument shows major points used by both sides in theongoing fight involving liability reform in public accounting. Additionally it suggests that the profession itself need bear the burdenof deterrence, enforcement, and investigation whereb y eliminating theexisting systems only strength. If the AICPA in cooperation with stateboards becomes more willing to accept the role as investigator andpunisher, then the economics of the argument suggest that liability reformis in order.

Hercules His 12 Quests Essays - Labours Of Hercules, Eurystheus

Hercules His 12 Quests Hercules: His 12 Quests Like Perseus, Hercules was required to perform the miracu-lous. But instead of having to bring only one mission to a successful close, Hercules was ordered to complete twelve great tasks, which are often referred to in literature as "the labors of Hercules." This is how the challenge came about. Hercules was the son of Jupiter and Alcmene, daughter of the king of Mycenae. When Hercules was born, Juno in a jealous anger sent two serpents to destroy him in his cradle. But Hercules, even then showing the strength for which he later became famous, strangled them. Juno's hatred, however, was not easily appeased. She waited until Hercules reached manhood and had achieved some fame; then she placed a spell on him that made him insane. In his fit of madness he slew his wife and children. But he was cured by Minerva and saved by her from shedding more blood. In payment for his crime, for which he had really not been responsible, he was made the servant of his cousin, King Eurystheus of Argos, whose commands he was compelled to obey. (Juno's hand was in this, too.) Eurystheus thought up twelve tasks that seemed clearly impossible of fu~llment. The Nemean Lion. Eurystheus first ordered Hercules to kill the Nemean lion, a terrible beast that had defied all would-be captors. The combat between Hercules and the lion was brutal and cruel. .Seeing that his club and arrows were of no avail in the battle, Hercules grasped the lion in his hands and strangled it to death. He returned to Eurystheus, wearing the skin of the lion as a cloak and the head as a helmet. The Hydra, or Water SerpenL Hercules was ordered next to slay the Hydra, a many-headed water serpent that had taken a heavy toll in the country of Argos. The middle head of the Hydra was immortal, indestructible. Hercules attacked the monster valiantly, but as he struck off one head, two others grew in its place. Hercules realized that he must change his plan of attack. With the assistance of his faithful nephew, he built a huge fire and burnt away the many heads before they could multiply further. The middle head, which was immortal, he buried under a rock. The Arcadian Stag. Eurystheus commanded Hercules to capture the Arcadian stag, a magnificent beast with antlers of gold and hoofs of brass. Its speed was far beyond that of the swiftest beast known. Hercules pursued it in vain for a year before he succeeded in inflicting a slight wound. Thus handicapped, the stag was captured by Hercules, who carried it, on his shoulders, to his tyrant cousin. The Boar of Eiymanthus. Like the Hydra and the Nemean lion, a huge boar had been laying waste the peaceful countryside. Eurystheus commanded Hercules to capture the beast. He pursued the boar relentlessly, finally captured it in a huge net, and carried it to his cousin. The Augean Stables. For thirty years the stables of Augeas, king of Elis, had been neglected. Hercules was commanded to clean these stables, which housed three thousand oxen. He succeeded in doing s~in a single day. How? He simply diverted two rivers so that they them. Juno's hatred, however, was not easily appeased. She waited until Hercules reached manhood and had achieved some fame; then she placed a spell on him that made him insane. In his fit of madness he slew his wife and children. But he was cured by Minerva and saved by her from shedding more blood. In payment for his crime, for which he had really not been responsible, he was made the servant of his cousin, King Eurystheus of Argos, whose commands he was compelled to obey. (Juno's hand was in this, too.) Eurystheus thought up twelve tasks that seemed clearly impossible of fulfillment. The Man-Eating Birds. In Arcadia there lived a strange flock of birds. Their wings, claws, and beaks were of brass and they used their feathers as arrows. Their favorite food being human flesh, they preyed upon the hapless inhabitants of the country. Eurystheus ordered Hercules to destroy these man-eating birds. As the renowned hero approached the flock, he

The History and Purpose of the European Union

The History and Purpose of the European Union The European Union (EU) is a unification of 28 member states (including the United Kingdom) united to create a political and economic community throughout Europe. Though the idea of the EU might sound simple at the outset, the European Union has a rich history and a unique organization, both of which aid in its current success and its ability to fulfill its mission for the 21st Century. History The precursor to the European Union was established after World War II in the late 1940s in an effort to unite the countries of Europe and end the period of wars between neighboring countries. These nations began to officially unite in 1949 with the Council of Europe. In 1950, the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community expanded the cooperation. The six nations involved in this initial treaty were Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Today, these countries are referred to as the founding members. During the 1950s, the Cold War, protests, and divisions between Eastern and Western Europe showed the need for further European unification. In order to do this, the Treaty of Rome was signed on March 25, 1957, thus creating the European Economic Community and allowing people and products to move throughout Europe. Throughout the decades, additional countries joined the community. In order to further unify Europe, the Single European Act was signed in 1987 with the aim of eventually creating a single market for trade. Europe was further unified in 1989 with the elimination of the boundary between Eastern and Western Europe- the Berlin Wall. The Modern Day EU Throughout the 1990s, the single market idea allowed easier trade, more citizen interaction on issues such as the environment and security, and easier travel through the different countries. Even though the countries of Europe had various treaties in place prior to the early 1990s, this time is generally recognized as the period when the modern day European Union arose due to the Treaty of Maastricht on the European Union- which was signed on February 7, 1992, and put into action on November 1, 1993. The Treaty of Maastricht identified five goals designed to unify Europe in more ways than just economically: 1. To strengthen the democratic governing of participating nations.2. To improve the efficiency of the nations.3. To establish economic and financial unification.4. To develop the community social dimension.5. To establish a security policy for involved nations. In order to reach these goals, the Treaty of Maastricht has various policies dealing with issues such as industry, education, and youth. In addition, the treaty put a single European currency, the euro, in the works to establish fiscal unification in 1999. The EU expanded in 2004 and 2007, bringing the total number of member states to 27. There are 28 member states today. In December 2007, all of the member nations signed the Treaty of Lisbon in hopes of making the EU more democratic and efficient to deal with climate change, national security, and sustainable development. How a Country Joins the EU For countries interested in joining the EU, there are several requirements that they must meet in order to proceed to accession and become a member state. The first requirement has to do with the political aspect. All countries in the EU are required to have a government that guarantees democracy, human rights, and the rule of law, as well as protects the rights of minorities. In addition to these political areas, each country must have a market economy that is strong enough to stand on its own within the competitive EU marketplace. Finally, the candidate country must be willing to follow the objectives of the EU that deal with politics, the economy, and monetary issues. This also requires that they be prepared to be a part of the administrative and judicial structures of the EU. After it is believed that the candidate nation has met each of these requirements, the country is screened, and if approved the Council of the European Union and the country draft a Treaty of Accession which then goes to the European Commission and European Parliament ratification and approval. If successful after this process, the nation is able to become a member state. How the EU Works With so many different nations participating, the governance of the EU is challenging. However, it is a structure that continually changes to become the most effective for the conditions of the time. Today, treaties and laws are created by the institutional triangle that is composed of the Council representing national governments, the European Parliament representing the people, and the European Commission that is responsible for holding up Europes main interests. The Council is formally called the Council of the European Union and is the main decision-making body present. There is also a Council President here, with each member state serving a six-month term in the position. In addition, the Council has the legislative power and decisions are made with a majority vote, a qualified majority, or a unanimous vote from member state representatives. The European Parliament is an elected body representing the citizens of the EU and participates in the legislative process as well. These representative members are directly elected every five years. Finally, the European Commission manages the EU with members that are appointed by the Council for five-year terms- usually one commissioner from each member state. Its main job is to uphold the common interest of the EU. In addition to these three main divisions, the EU also has courts, committees, and banks which participate in certain issues and aid in successful management. The EU Mission As in 1949 when it was founded with the creation of the Council of Europe, the European Unions mission for today is to continue prosperity, freedom, communication, and ease of travel and commerce for its citizens. The EU is able to maintain this mission through the various treaties making it function, cooperation from member states, and its unique governmental structure.

History of Modern Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Modern Art - Essay Example The essay "History of Modern Art" examines Philadelphia Savings Fund Society building. This is one of the features that make the building standout among other buildings. It depicts a piece of art that had been well designed to match the exact mental imagery of the designers. It can also be said to represent the minds of many people especially from the perspective of creativity. This is because of the remarkable landmarks available in this area. The exact materials used to make the building include but not limited to brass, copper, glass, glazed brick. While the glass is working to ensure the continued beautification of the building, other factors were in play such as stainless steel that was seriously working on the strength as well as the durability of the building. It is free standing and strategically placed to fulfill the duties that it was originally put up for. With regard to iconography of the structure, the building can be said to have three main parts that make it unique in the area. Here, the structure appears as if the lower part, which is the widest and protruding, is separate from the rest of the building. The west part of the building also appears distinct from the other part of the building in that it is even taller than the main building. This can be said to be the flanked art of the building. This style makes it the only building with a distinctive sand unique style in Philadelphia. It can also be easily spotted even by an outsider because it bears its name at the top most part.

The Educational autobiography of tiffany merlo Essay

The Educational autobiography of tiffany merlo - Essay Example I am the oldest of three siblings and I was raised in East Flatbush Brooklyn. It is certainly not the most glamorous section of New York, but it is not the worst either. I was raised by my mother who was assisted by her parents. My mother was a stay at home mother. She only has a high school diploma and she received public assistance. My father is a college dropout and was employed by IMB as a computer developer. My parents were divorced and I must admit that my father was mostly absent during my formative years. I suppose that divorce was not so common in those days, and for those women who found themselves divorced, life was not easy. To say that my father has had no influence on my education and future goals is an understatement. In sum, I suppose that one would term us as a working class family. As I noted above, the area in which I was raised was hardly glamorous but it seemed to be home to a myriad of income families. The schools I attended were located in decent urban neighborhoods that consisted of a combination of homes and apartment buildings for low- income families. Life in my household, as in the other working class families in my neighborhood did not revolve around long verbal discussions. We were taught humility and obedience. Conversation with my mother and grandparents revolved around chores and making sure we minded our manners. I took direction well and was charged with the care of my younger siblings. Failure to adhere to the commandments of my family resulted in penalties that sometimes were physical. (Annette Lareau, 2003 Unequal childhoods , Pg. 107). Despite the lack of cerebral conversation at my dinner table it was always automatically understood that I would excel in my education. My mother and grandparents had high expectations for my siblings and me. I was always expected to complete my homework as soon as I returned home from school, to study and practice hard in preparation for upcoming exams, and to try my level best to receive A's and B's in my course work. I consider myself to be an exceptional student and credit these basic expectations with it. While attending elementary school 219, the classrooms were fully equipped with what seems to be up to date equipment, and the playgrounds had durable swing sets. There was a mural that represented the children of the school painted on the bricks with a whimsical appearance, and the ground was covered in smooth asphalt and cement space for children to run around, engage in creative drawing, play hop scotch, and to jump rope. Most of my teachers were Caucasian females with the exception of Ms. White and Ms. Murray, my African American first and fourth grade teachers and a small amount of male teachers who taught math and science solely. Humble and cooperative, I was an exceptional student that received high grades for my efforts. As adolescent, I found it easy to make new friends and fit into the diversity of my schools. I created my own identity as a student. I was valued a great deal amongst my peers and felt above average. I was very likeable, well mannered, and never was a trouble-making student. The teachers in my school focused on the smart students, or the students who were more engaged in the course work because they either participated more often or knew the answers. The quiet students did not participate often in class and thus, quickly forgotten until report cards are distributed. "In working class schools, work is following the

Benedict Arnold: Impact On American History

Benedict Arnold: Impact On American History During the middle of the eighteenth century, many questions arose regarding the future of the American Colonies, a relatively vast collection of British Colonial settlements along the Atlantic coast of the New World. As a schism divided the citizens of the Colonies, war appeared to be the inevitable future. Due to countless years of benign neglect shown by the British to its little child, patriots felt that it was time for an epic revolution. This era of great revolutionary movements is characterized by many popular figureheads in American history. Great minds such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington are accredited for being most influential. One man, however, is often overlooked in playing a vital role, both positive and negative, in the revolutionary landscape. His name is associated with traitor and he is quite possibly the most infamous person in American history. People have vilified him to the point where they compare him to Judas, betrayer of Jesus Ch rist (Martin). Benedict Arnold, one of the most controversial men to have called himself an American, is considered to be one of the greatest military minds in the history of the world. The question is: what made him switch sides? His impact is undeniable, but unfortunately, his actions against the United States are, quite simply, too immense to forget. SIGNIFICANCE: Background: Early Life and Pre-Revolution Benedict Arnold was born January 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. His Father, Benedict, was a successful businessman and his mother, Hannah Waterman-King, was a wealthy widow prior to re-marrying. His familys financial stature in Norwich was well recognized. Benedict was enrolled in a private school at a young age with the expectation that he would go on to be educated in an elite university (Creighton). His Fathers mismanagement of money, however, saw Benedict drop out of school, forcing him to take an apprenticeship with his mothers pharmaceutical business. Four of Arnolds siblings would eventually succumb to Yellow Fever. The combination of the death of his children, mismanagement of the fortune, and eventually, the death of his wife in 1759, saw Benedicts father to become a severe alcoholic (Sheinkin). Arnold would eventually see his first military action during the French Indian War, leaving his apprenticeship to join the cause. He enlisted in the Connecticut militia and march ed to Lake George and Albany to oppose the French in the Battle of Fort William Henry. The Indians supporting the French would go against the will of their French leaders who had promised them scalps and booty, going on to mercilessly massacring several hundred men in the militia (Hickman). From this moment, Arnold despised the French, which have said to influence him later on. After the crushing defeat, Benedict grew tired of the constant discipline and returned to his apprenticeship. http://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/served/images/arnold.jpg Sons of Liberty Benedict Arnold grew to become a successful businessman. His rich cousins supplied him with enough money to go out on his own in the pharmaceutical business. Arnold traveled to Europe, where he bought necessary supplies for his own pharmaceutical business which he would go on to establish in New Haven (Benedict Arnold). His business ambitions soon expanded after he made significant profit in his first business venture. He involved himself in the West India Trade and also traded with Canada. Arnold acquired three ships in partnership with his friend, Adam Babcock (Hickman). Their business was successful, until Englands implementation of the Sugar and Stamp Acts. Arnold became displeased with Britains overwhelming taxation on imported goods in order to make up for their indebted crisis after the French Indian War. His outrage led him to become the passionate leader of the Sons of Liberty in New Haven, building up his anger towards the British stranglehold placed upon t he Colonies. Arnold, however, was not the only one with growing hatred towards the British. http://media.giantbomb.com/uploads/4/48363/1108061-sons_of_liberty_poster_p228640904795152089trma_400_super.jpg In the middle of the 1700s, Britain began to impose several acts, taxes, and laws that paralyzed the progression of the Colonies. For example, in 1764, Britain imposed the Sugar Act, which increased the duties on non-British goods being traded with the Colonies. Later, in 1765, Britain passed the Quartering Act which forced the Colonies to supply and provide barracks for British troops. The last of the three initial Acts in the 1760s was the Stamp Act of 1765. The Stamp Act was the first direct taxation of the citizens of the Colonies, taxing all paper goods such as newspapers, pamphlets, and even playing cards. As a way of rebelling against the British oppression, the Stamp Act Congress was convened. The Stamp Act Congress passed a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which claimed that American colonists were equal to all other British citizens, protested taxation without representation, and stated that, without colonial representation in Parliament, Parliament could not tax colon ists. In addition, the colonists increased their non-importation efforts (Morris). In the big scheme of things, this was just the beginning of tensions between the Colonies and Britain in the events before the Revolution. The tumult regarding the impositions put in place by the British initiated a power struggle within the colonies. Britain was consistently attempting to stamp out the flame that the Colonists were trying to start. Although the Brits repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, they fired right back by passing the Declaratory Act. This Act stated that the British government could establish laws in the colonies in all cases whatsoever (Morris). This squashed the Americans slogan of no taxation without representation. The first real call for revolution came in the form of Samuel Adams, who issued his Massachusetts Circular Letter which attacked Parliaments audacity to tax them at free will. Adams called for a unified revolt within all the colonies, which raised the question of, Can we really do this?. That question was answered by Thomas Paine, who wrote his famous pamphlet, Common Sense, to stimulate thought within the American population. Paine wrote in a manner that was well understood by all peop le, making his writings very successful. Paine said that it was only logical for the colonists to rebel, which caused many neutral thinkers to choose sides. This, however, only highlighted the schism between the American people. Commonsense.jpg An indicator of how tensions were breaking in this era is shown in the Boston Massacre of 1770. The arrival of British troops in Boston marked the beginning of conflict between soldiers and citizens. A group of three British soldiers were surrounded by an angry Bostonian crowd, which inexplicably caused the soldiers to fire randomly into the crown, killing three and wounding two more (Morris). Crispus Attucks, one of the casualties in the Massacre, was said to be The first death of the Revolution, as he lay mercilessly slain on the cold ground. Later, in 1773, Parliament instituted the Tea Act, considered to be the last revolutionary spark in Boston. It was a last ditch attempt to save the East India Company, forcing colonists to buy British tea with the Townshend taxes still in place. The colonists saw this as a direct attempt to undercut the revenue of local merchants. As reaction to this Act, the famous Boston Tea Party resulted in men dressed up as Indians and dumping all tea into the harbor. Tensions had reached their breaking point, and it was time for organized revolution. It is out of this revolution that gave rise to one of the greatest generals in American history, one that would rival Patton, Washington, and Eisenhower. However, his name is more despised than it is revered, but his impact in nonetheless undeniable. Benedict Arnold: American General With his livelihood significantly impaired by the British involvement imposed in the colonies, Benedict Arnold devoted himself to the resistance of British tyranny. As tensions with London increased, Arnold increasingly became interested in military matters and was elected a captain in the Connecticut militia in March 1775 (Hickman). When word was spread about the first shots being fired in the Revolution at Lexington and Concord, Benedict jumped at the chance to ruin the British. Arnold assembled his 60 troops in the college green, and decided to have them march north to partake in the Siege of Boston. Fort Ticonderoga As Arnold approached Boston from the south, he proposed an aggressive siege upon Fort Ticonderoga in New York to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety. He was commissioned as a colonel to lead the mission. He soon found out, however, that Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys were set to accomplish the same task. When Arnold and Allen met up, they clashed and battled for the right to control the siege. In the end, cooler heads prevailed, and The Green Mountain Boys fought with Arnolds men in a convincing takeover of Fort Ticonderoga under the joint command of Allen and Arnold. The battle itself took about a total of ten minutes, as the American revolutionaries attacked the fort at 3:00 AM, catching the guards totally off guard. After the siege, Allens men decided to have a party by plundering the fort. Arnold was far from amused, and reported to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, There is here at present 100 men, who are in the greatest confusion and anarchy, destroying and plu ndering private property, committing every enormity, and paying no attention to public service (Sheinkin). Arnolds hatred of stagnation and inactivity made him want more. He had control of the southern portion of Lake Champlain, but sought full control of the lake. A fort on the opposite bank of the lake, Fort St. Johns, had possession of the greatest warship on the lake, the George. Arnold selected his 30 best troops to join him as they sailed across the lake to seize control of Ft. St. Johns, their primary objective being the seizure of the George. They reached the opposite bank on May 18, and were able to secure control of the Fort and the George without firing a single shot (Sheinkin). Arnolds quick actions and bravery were evident from the get-go, and it was only uphill for him from then on. http://www.lcmm.org/images/img_education/img_outreaches/brassier_map.jpg Benedict Arnolds brash and bold manner was recognized quickly by Congress. In fact, they were scared. Arnolds lightning quick seizure of Fort St. Johns came as a shock to many. The Americans didnt even have an official army yet, and Arnold was eager for more action. Benedict was often characterized when he had too much free time as, restless, frustrated, and irritated (Martin). Fortunately, Arnold wasnt held idle for long, but not for the reason he hoped. He returned to see to his sickly wife, who died at the young age of 30. Quebec The Continental Army had officially been formed, but Arnolds return home saw him catch severe symptoms of gout. After his brief term of absence, he returned to Cambridge to meet with George Washington. Their plan was to invade Quebec, and Arnold was to be Washingtons right-hand man. Arnold pitched the idea that he would approach Quebec from an uncharted and treacherous route through the dense forest of Maine. Arnold hand chose 1000 men to aid him on his perilous journey to seize Quebec. Arnold brought along Jacataqua, a friend of young Aaron Burr. She knew the areas around the Kennebec River, and proved to be a crucial asset to their journey. The terrain they encountered was characterized by dense, wooded areas with swampy grounds, making traversing them next to impossible. Almost one quarter of the troops eventually turned around and headed back. Conditions of survival were rough also, as many of the boats leaked, which in turn spoiled the food and gunpowder aboard. Once the group f inally reached the St. Lawrence River, only 600 of the 1050 initial troops remained. They had travelled almost 400 miles through uncharted territory and were relatively unarmed. The Battle of Quebec began, however, despite the damage cause to Arnold and his troops. Arnold met up with Major General Richard Montgomery and united their meager forces against the fortified city of Quebec (Hickman). The Americans saw a crushing defeat on December 30, and December 31 at the hands of the British and their reinforcements, almost putting Arnolds perilous journey in vain. Arnold was severely wounded in his leg and along with the death of Gen. Montgomery, the Americans were left with poor spirits. File:American attack on Quebec.svg Question of Character Benedict Arnold was promoted to Brigadier General and commanded the retreat south from Montreal in 1776. After a strong defense at Fort Ticonderoga, Arnolds bravery remained intact, but the trust and support of his troops did not. Some of his officers often called him cocky and even arrogant. Benedict saw many of his troops question his tactics and thought he was overly aggressive. Arnold was, in fact, falsely accused to have stolen war supplies so that he could be replaced. Fellow General, Horatio Gates, saw that Benedicts tight following to the rules and guidelines of war were too great for him to have stolen supplies. The court found him guilty, but Gates blocked this potential decision. Benedict had the right to feel angry over the his treatment by the other men (Benedict Arnold). It was occurrences such as these where he was mistreated that contributed to him eventually switching sides in the war. Much to Arnolds relief, he was sent back to Rhode Island to report to George Washi ngton in order to rearrange defenses in response to the British occupation of Rhode Island. Arnolds Frustration Arnolds first feelings of discontent with his treatment by Congress and his peers were evident as he was consistently passed up to be promoted to Major General. His peers, who were also inferior officers, generated rumors about him that permanently damaged his reputation. Arnold had evident jealousies also, which were seen as weak because such a minute outside interference could affect him on the inside. Virtue is a key concept in the Revolution, and Congress repeatedly insulted Arnolds virtue (Martin). Arnold twice withdrew from the army with the firm belief that his honor and hard work were not being recognized. Benedict was deeply unhappy with his treatment, and it wouldnt get much better. Redemption at Saratoga Commander Philip Schuyler was the man who convinced Arnold to stay in the Continental Army. He saw Arnold as someone who could provide a spark in the Northern Army, a unit with some disunion and lack of firepower. He was dispatched with some 900 men to relieve the siege at Fort Stanwix (Henretta). This siege was almost too easy for Arnold, who was surprised to return to find out it was now Horatio Gates who was in command. Gates, who is defined as a generally defensive commander, would not gel well with his polar opposite in terms of military mindset, Benedict Arnold. As General Burgoynes army moved south, Arnold sought aggressive attack on the vulnerable Brits. Gates, however, was reluctant, and held his men back. At the pivotal Battle of Bemis Heights on October 7, 1777, Arnold defied Gates authority and took command of a group of American soldiers whom he led in an assault against the British line. Arnolds attack threw the enemy into disarray and contributed greatly to the America n victory. Ten days later, Burgoyne surrendered his entire army at Saratoga (Benedict Arnold). Arnolds brave and risky actions actually saw himself relieved from Gates command. This, however, is just an example of how inferior minds were above Arnold in caste system of the Continental Army. The Battle of Saratoga is often considered to be the turning point in the war, and without Benedict Arnold, it all couldve gone in a disastrous direction. https://bmshistory7p8.wikispaces.com/file/view/fauvel-the-surrender-of-general-john-burgoyne-at-the-battle-of-saratoga-7th-october-1777.jpg/198767254/fauvel-the-surrender-of-general-john-burgoyne-at-the-battle-of-saratoga-7th-october-1777.jpg After the battle of Saratoga, a great momentum shift was recognized throughout the world. France decided they might finally have a chance to be part of a victory in a war, so they took up the prospect of joining the rebel campaign. The Continental Army was having a hard time matching man for man the numbers that the British had. If not for the British having to travel a vast ocean to re-supply and send troops, the results could have shifted in their favor. Benedicts Demons What may have been the final straw for Benedict Arnold was when Horatio Gates peevishly took all credit for the defeat of mighty Burgoynes troops. At the time, Arnold was bedridden in an Albany hospital due to a near fatal wound to the same leg wounded in the Battle of Quebec. Bedridden and helpless, Benedict Arnold gnashed his teeth at the distressing thought of Granny Gates receiving honors won by the blood and grit of better men (Creighton). Arnold then was forced to reassess his sacrifices and his rewards. The more he thought, the more bitter he grew. Describing his situation in the hospital, a firsthand account of a hospital worker said, Poison may have stopped oozing from his leg, but his heart remained full of rancor. Arnold wrote about his frustration with the American cause, he believed the patriots to be worse off than at the beginning of the war. Popular support for the Revolution was waning, and many saw loved ones lost. Much of his anger also focused on civilians in Cong ress who shorted supplies for the military and failed to acknowledge the contributions made by fighting patriots. How can Congress allow this army to starve in a land of plenty? he penned. The Turning Point George Washington, who still had bountiful faith in Arnold, told the permanently crippled Benedict that he was to protect the recently seized Philadelphia. Benedict even partook in the first recorded Oath of Allegiance, ironically, which shows ones loyalty to the United States (Sheinkin). Once in command of Philadelphia, Arnold began to envelop himself in questionable business deals in order to regain his previous financial losses suffered during much of the Revolutionary War. Basically, Benedict used his position as Military Commander to profit from war-related supply movements. Many people in the city recognized his sketchy behavior, and many began to accumulate significant evidence against him. Arnold learned to live extravagantly in Philadelphia, which despite its recent change in occupants, remained to have Tory influences (Henretta). These influences are known to have helped convince Benedict to switch sides. On top of all his newfound wealth and stature, Benedict re-married a woman by the name of Peggy Shippen, daughter of judge Edward Shippen, a notorious advocate of the loyalist cause. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Peggy_Shippen_and_daughter.jpg/220px-Peggy_Shippen_and_daughter.jpg Arnold would eventually be tried by a court-martial on two accounts of illegal activity as Military Commander in Philadelphia. Eventually, the judge reached a verdict that he should be reprimanded by the commander-in-chief. Washington saw Arnold as being used as a scapegoat and as a victim or persecution. George Washington pushed the matter aside, instead granting Arnold complete control over the seizure of West Point. Washington was oblivious to Arnolds sense of unhappiness, and now is the time when Benedict jumps ship. Espionage Arnold grew tired of the American stagnation; he had seen the cost at which freedom comes. Arnold saw the atrocities that followed the rough winter at Valley Forge, where soldiers were reduced to eating shoe leather outside of British occupied Philadelphia. The only question in his mind was, Does the end really justify the means? Arnolds disgust towards the American causes reached its boiling point at the time of French intervention in the war. Arnold had grown to despise the French, ever since his early days of contributing in the French Indian War. He had been affected by the Tory influence that resided in Philadelphia, which played a crucial role in his change of mindset. Benedict Arnold was said to have first reached out to the enemy in May of 1779. Major John Andre, a British officer, acted as a courier between Arnold and Sir Henry Clinton. It was through Andre that the two men delivered secret encrypted messages regarding the possibility of a tradeoff. Benedict Arnold was in a particular position that would allow him to give the British what they had wanted since the beginning of the Revolutionary War: the Hudson River (Hickman). In exchange, Arnold was to receive around three million US dollars (in todays currency). Another influence in Arnolds decision was his new wife. Peggy Shippen proved to have been a close friend of Andres, and is credited with having set up the whole communication system.http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mafy5aVDpp1rtn3ufo1_400.jpg Arnold resigned his post as Military Commander of Philadelphia, and gained total control of West Point on August 3, 1780. On August 15, Arnold received an encrypted letter from General Clinton, which included his final offer of  £20,000. In return, Arnold sent his acceptance of the offer and inside information regarding French reinforcements and the movements of Washingtons troops. Arnold became more and more comfortable at West Point, and systematically weakened his defenses in order to let his scheme flow better. The goal was for a siege without a single bullet. Arnold drained West Point of supplies to the point that his subordinates thought he was crazy. An eventual meeting was scheduled between Andre and Arnold to meet face to face on September 21. The HMS Vulture, the ship meant to carry Andre back to New York, was fired upon, causing it to retreat back down the Hudson River. Andre, as a result, had to return to New York on foot. He was given instructions and maps to wiggle hi s way through enemy lines, but he was eventually caught two days later with Arnolds documents in place. George Washington was said to have been calm at the time he found out, but one thing was on his mind. Washington knew that they had to destroy this guy top, bottom, and sideways and forever associate him with treason (Martin). There was nothing Washington wanted more than Arnold at his feet, begging for his mercy. Washington negotiated with the British, hoping to get an exchange for the captured Andre. To no avail, Andre was hanged October 2, 1780 on account of being a spy. The New Arnold Theres an old saying Ive always known, and it says: No one likes a traitor, even if hes your traitor. And this couldnt have been more evident than the case of Benedict Arnold. He was never trusted by the British, whether it was on the battlefield, or just in general. He was never promoted above the rank of Brigadier, and he was never handed any major military operations under the Crown. Until the eventual fall of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Arnold was never considered to be a major factor in the British scheme of the Revolutionary War. George Washington ordered his immediate hanging should he be caught. All Americans knew about his becoming a traitor; his name was wiped from all military records and was essentially deleted from the very country that revered him as a Revolutionary hero. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/WestPoint1780.jpg/220px-WestPoint1780.jpg Arnold, however never lost his military touch. He acted as an advisor in the British Army, and begged that Cornwallis flee Yorktown in favor of a landlocked base instead of one bound by land and sea. This, however, lead to the eminent downfall of the British Army. They were surrounded by the French Navy by sea, and the Continental Army by land. This lead to the surrender at Yorktown on October 19, 1781. Legacy Arnolds legacy is best represented by Benjamin Franklins quote, Judas sold only one man, Arnold sold three million. Biographers over the times have characterized him as a demonic and miserable figure. Some have even told stories about how he entered the world as the antichrist. Benedict Arnolds military gains shouldnt be overlooked, however. His impact on the Revolutionary War goes without saying, albeit both positive and negative. He played the most significant role in the turning point of the war, along with being one of the bravest and most intelligent military leaders of all time. Unfortunately, in the end, his negatives greatly outweigh his positives. His legacy has been so tarnished, that a memorial commemorating his honor and valor cannot show his face. Instead, it shows his leg, commemorating the Battle of Saratoga and all he did for his nation that day. It reads, In memory of the most brilliant soldier of the Continental army, who was desperately wounded on this spot, winnin g for his countrymen the decisive battle of the American Revolution, and for himself the rank of Major General. He deserted the country that had learned to embrace him. He deserted the country that turned out to be the greatest country to ever exist. And he deserted those who believed in him, like his brothers on the battlefield and his children back home. Benedict Arnold was the first traitor in the history of the United States of America, and hopefully there will be no more. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JeffersonDavisBenedictArnoldTreasonCartoon1865.jpg/240px-JeffersonDavisBenedictArnoldTreasonCartoon1865.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Arnold-boot.jpg/220px-Arnold-boot.jpg Significance Words cannot describe the significance of Benedict Arnolds impact on the United States of America. You could ask the majority of the people in the country, and the very thought of him will make some people gag. How someone could rise to the prowess of being a Revolutionary hero to the pit of being the most despised man in American history is beyond me. On the positive side of his significance, Arnold exemplifies all characteristics of being a great General. Whether its his bravery to throw himself and others into a situation with confidence shows his great ability as a military mind. Without the confidence to throw yourself into desperate situations, how could you possibly win over the respect and confidence of your men? His military mind is unmatched in regards to other Generals of the Continental Army. George Washington is revered in the United States as the Golden Boy. In hindsight, he was nothing more than an average military leader. Washington overshadows Arnold all because of Arnolds inability to stay true to the Revolutionary cause. Lastly, Arnold wasnt afraid to stand up for what he believed in. Arnold had an ability to actively express his opinions, which most of the time were right. Even in the time he was down and out on himself, he attempted to help the cause by expressing his knowledgeable opinion, one thing many peopl e dont have the ability to do. Arnolds contributions for the construction of the United States shouldnt be overlooked because what he actually did was truly astounding. On the negative side, Arnold is significant because he is, quite clearly, one of the most hated men in American history. He is an example for all people in the world, not just the United States, as to what exactly you DO NOT want to be. Arnold shows the world why you shouldnt turn your back on your country, it tarnishes your name forever, and you will never have the chance to amend for your mistakes. Not one person should aspire to turn on your country; it makes you seem to be a coward and spineless. Arnold is also significant because it shows us how we must respect and treat our military with the utmost concern and respect. Albeit Arnold was frequently outspoken and a diva, he recognized early on that the early Unites States didnt properly recognize all of its prized military officers. In the end, Arnolds reasoning for deserting the United States doesnt justify him doing it. Although he wasnt respected as the military genius he knew he was, Arnold was too easily tempted by money and by concrete things. His temptation for money and greed overshadowed the love and respect for his country that all men and women alike should have. Not just in the United States, but in all other corners of the Globe as well. What-Ifs What-If #1: What if Benedict Arnold hadnt changed sides? Had Benedict Arnold not changed sides, he most certainly would have been revered up in the same ranks as George Washington. Washingtons accomplishments are incredible, no doubt, but Arnolds are a close rival. The impact Arnold played during the war was something most people probably dont know. You could ask someone about Arnold, and they would probably call him a traitor because he gave Britain information. Little do most people know is that he was in many opinions the greatest General of the Revolutionary War. If you look at how he climbed in the ranks of the Continental Army, you would see him go from just the Commander of his local militia into a Major General in the span of about three years. In todays military, that is something that takes years, decades even. Had Arnold remained true to the United States, he would be revered as a hero, and up in the ranks with the likes of Franklin, Jefferson, Hancock, John Adams, Sam Adams, and Alexander Hamilton. He would be attributed with h elping build this country not through speech or on a piece of paper like most of the Founding Fathers, but through his bravery and active duty in the Revolutionary War. Had he remained true to the United States, there would be memorials in his honor. For example, the one at Saratoga wouldnt be just an unspecified leg; it could be of him standing on a hill symbolizing his complete domination of the most crucial battle during the Revolutionary War. It could have been Arnold who would have strategized the defeat of the British at Yorktown, that would surely make him an American hero, wouldnt it? Its sad to see such a great General fall from fame in the manner of which Arnold did. He couldve become the most iconic spectacle in all of American history. If only he couldve had the vision that Washington had for this country, or Jefferson, for that matter, he quite literally could have been great. What-If #2: What if Arnolds scheme had worked? Had Arnolds plan of giving up West Point to the British worked, it could have completely changed the outcome of the war. West point was considered to be so valuable due to its prime location, right on the Hudson River. West Point was the most wanted object by the British. They saw West Point as a crucial port where they could control what went in and what came out. The spot was hand selected by Washington because of its great natural fortifications and geographic spot. Had the British succeeded in their attempt to capture West Point, momentum could have greatly shifted in their favor. Americans would be disappointed and low on morale because one of their own had plotted their downfall, and the British could have capitalized by crushing the demoralized Continental Army. To this day, we could be under British control, having our daily tea and crumpets along with having a monarchial body in our government (Weird to think about, huh?). This is why it was so important that Arnold was caug ht, however. That very moment in our history could have very well dictated the very outcome of the war. If not for Arnolds plan being foiled, The United States of America may not exist. Talk about something that would not only impact us, but

A Semiparametric Analysis of the Relationship of Body Mass Index to Mortality Essay

Gronniger, J. T. (2006). A Semiparametric Analysis of the Relationship of Body Mass Index to Mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 96(1), 173–178 This article review is on the above cited work. The purpose of Gronniger’s work was to check the adequacy of conventional Body Mass Index (BMI) categories for planning public health programs to reduce mortality. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of an adult’s weight in relation to height, and it is calculated metrically as weight divided by height squared (kg/m2)† (Foster). This work is timely and important because of the wide publicity given to the contribution of surplus body weight to mortality and morbidity, with numerous accounts showing that obesity causes hundreds of thousands of excess deaths and billions of dollars in excess medical spending each year. Obesity has been put on par with smoking as a growing health threat and has become the focal point of many policy initiatives. The studies cited by Gronniger on the subject showed that individuals with BMIs of 20 to 25 kg/m2 were regarded as the reference population and compared their health outcomes with those among overweight (BMIs of 25 to 30 kg/m2) and obese (BMIs of 30 kg/m2 and above) individuals. While Gronniger agrees that obesity is associated with clear increases in risk of mortality, and that overweight is a risk factor for obesity and thus should best be avoided, he states that â€Å"relying on broad categories such as overweight and obesity could provide misleading estimates of BMI’s association with mortality if that association is heterogeneous or not monotonic within categories†. He further stated that the definition of these categories â€Å"grew out of a consensus among various health bodies (including the World Health Organization, the National Institutes of Health, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) that health risks increase with increasing body weight above a BMI of 25 and become serious near a BMI of 30†. This he showed in his study. Summary For the study, the author used the 1987 Cancer Control and 1989 Diabetes supplements of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to obtain baseline personal and biometric information on the survey respondents which were linked to the NHIS Multiple Cause of Death File, where mortality follow-up information was obtained. Information from this source was available for a total of 33,558 individuals, of whom 1,109 were dead or presumed dead. He then constructed nonlinear estimates of the association between BMI and mortality using a semiparametric regression technique. The results showed that the mortality risk among â€Å"normal† weight men (i. . , those in the BMI range of 20 to 25 kg/m2) was as high as that among men in the mild obesity category (BMIs of 30–35 kg/m2), with a minimum risk observed at a BMI of approximately 26 kg/m2. Among women, the mortality risk was smallest at approximately 23 to 24 kg/m2, with the risk increasing steadily with BMIs above 27 kg/m2. The results also suggested negligible risk differences with minor differences in weight for much of the population. This is contrary to predictions of high mortality risks among overweight individuals as the â€Å"optimum† BMI appeared to be 26 to 27 overall, 23 to 24 for women, and 26 to 27 for men. Interestingly, mortality did not increase sharply with BMI until the range of about 27 or above (33–35 for men), which is well into the range of overweight and obesity. The semiparametric mortality estimates also showed that in US adults the mortality among clinically underweight individuals is quite high, although estimates near the tails of the BMI distribution are imprecise as a result of small local sample sizes. Critique The semiparametric approach used here provides a clearer picture of individual mortality risks because restrictive categories were eliminated and the data were allowed to shape the functional form. Therefore the present results can better be used to consider broad trends over at least several BMI units and to contrast such trends with findings derived from categorical studies. Also the author in his work used information from a valid source from which a complete smoking data was not available. The respondents were only group as â€Å"current† or â€Å"not current† smokers. This would affect the result considering the effect of smoking habits on mortality. Another limitation in this study was the arbitrary character of the intercept estimates derived using the semiparametric approach which would result in complication in interpretation. This however does not cause bias in the results. The present study was also unable to solve the heterogeneity problem, as the BMI can be tied to manifold variables that influence mortality. Many of these omitted risk factors might be correlated with BMI, leading to misestimation and gross error in the calculation of the risk of increasing BMI itself. Therefore one can not actually identify the mortality-minimizing or â€Å"optimal† BMI from this study. Furthermore, this study involves single-point-in-time measures of BMI. Therefore there is no guarantee that losing weight will bring the mortality of a severely obese person’s to the optimal level. Therefore the optimal BMI is only based on the current weight. Finally because of the absence of standard errors, the semiparametric estimates presented here cannot be used in hypothesis testing. Thus the expected mortality at a BMI of 29. 99 cannot be statistically compared with the expected mortality at a BMI of 30. 01. Recommendations To give a more comprehensive result, the actual smoking habits of the sample group must be obtained and considered in the study because of its effect on mortality. Also there is little information about the underweight group in the study. Therefore a more thorough consideration of this group would be appropriate. Conclusion Notwithstanding the limitations in the study, it is a valid research as the results raise questions about whether overweight and mildly obese individuals are classified correctly under current health guidelines. Health professionals are therefore to consider the large number of people involved in the modest mortality differences between BMI units in drafting health guidelines and planning public health programs.

Life Span Development and Personality

This paper will discuss the life span of a business man, movie producer, aviator, and billionaire, Howard Hughes. It will also explain the psychological development and personality characteristics of the young man that was raised by a financially driven father, and mentally disturbed mother. Mother and Father Howard Hughes was born in 1905 in Houston, Texas to Howard Hughes Sr. and Allene Hughes. Allene Hughes was the biggest influence on Howard junior’s life; she constantly worried about the germs and sickness that her son came in contact with. Allene Hughes suffered from the mental disorder Obsessive Compulsion Disorder (OCD). Howard Hughes Sr. spent most of his time following oil rigs and trying to improve the process of drilling into rock. In 1908/1909 Hughes Sr. invented a drill bit that would penetrate rock, which later made him a millionaire. Hughes Sr. was the owner of Hughes Tool Company. Howard Hughes Junior attended private schools in Boston, where his interest in academics were lacking, and just as his father was mesmerized by anything mechanical. Against his mothers’ wishes, Howard Junior built a bicycle with a motor, later called the motorcycle. Orphaned In 1922, Allene Hughes went into the hospital for minor surgery, but never woke up. Allene Hughes died at 39 years of age, and Howard Junior lost his mother when he was only 16. The death of wife and mother caused a tremendous amount of grief for Howard Sr. , and Jr. Life changed for them, but especially Howard Junior. His father was unable to recover from the death of his wife, and spent the next couple of years subjected Howard Junior to many women, looking for that same happiness again. In January 1924, Howard Senior was working at his desk when he suffered a heart attack and died at age 54. At age 18, Howard Junior was an orphan, and the owner of 75% of his father’s company, making him a very rich young man. Since Howard was not considered to be an adult an unable to make business decisions, he went to court and convinced the judge that he should be declared an adult so that he could run his own affairs. Soon after the judge granted his request, Howard bought all the shares to the company from his relatives, which made him the sole owner of Howard Tool Company, which made a very nice amount of money that he used as a foundation for his future fortune. In 1925 a will was made that stated upon his death, all of his money was to be put into a medical research facility. Movies to Aviation Howard was not satisfied with just running the business that his father had left him, so after his marriage to Ella Rice in 1925, they moved to Hollywood California where he would try his hand at making movies with his uncle Rupert. In the beginning of his movie career, there were two or so flops, but soon he directed the film â€Å"Two Arabian Nights† which won the Academy Award. He went on to do â€Å"The Outlaw, Scarface, and Hells Angels†. During the making of the Hells Angels movie, Hughes became fascinated with flying, and received his pilot’s license. Not only did he fly, in 1932 he founded the Hughes Aircraft Company. Later, the military would hire him to build a large plane that would carry troops overseas; this plane was called the â€Å"Spruce Goose†. In 1938 he financed the creation of the Boeing 307, and was the beginning of the Transcontinental and West Airlines, later called TWA. This was his most profitable investment, earning him $540 million. He sold the airline in 1966. He used the earnings from the airlines to form the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He used this medical facility to put all of his money into, to prevent the IRS from finding it. The End As far back as birth, Hughes was continually inventing or perfecting an invention. After many failed attempts, caused by his obsessive need to be perfect, Hughes suffered a mental breakdown. The obsessive compulsive disorder worsened, and the stress of inheriting his father’s company at an early age caused anxiety and paranoia became evident when he required phone taps, and private investigators. Like his mother he became obsessed with germs with continuous hand washing, and using napkins or Kleenex to touch objects and open doors. In 1950 Hughes was rarely seen in public. He left the United States and moved from country to country, and in 1972 Hughes Tool Company, his father’s company, was sold. His obsession to control his surroundings led him to be a bitter old recluse. He became weakened by the lack of food, and the effects of drug use. On a plane in 1976, flying from Mexico to Houston for treatment, Hughes dies at age 71. Because of his choices later in life, his body was unrecognizable and could only be identified through fingerprints. Conclusion Despite his mental disorders, Howard Hughes accomplished many great things. Best known for his production of movies, and aviation, his mental illness proved to be his undoing. Most diagnostics were done after his death; therefore there is no way of knowing if medical treatment would have helped him. Although he may have inherited OCD from his mother, it is also believed that his contraction of syphilis in 1930 also played a part in his mental stability. In 1976, Dr. Raymond Fowler, the President of the American Psychology Association, was asked to do a psychological evaluation from what he knew and read of Howard Hughes. After the long study Fowler concluded that â€Å"Hughes was not psychotic, he was just a disturbed man†. Life Span Development and Personality IntroductionThe Healer of the World – Karol Wojtyla, gave a breakthrough of acceptance in the world’s aim for peace, prosperity and unity.   His belief on religion was considered to be flexible as to believing that all people are created equal in blood, color, race or belief (Weigel, 2001).   The differences of such religions must not serve as a wall to hinder one from crossing the line of faith but rather, to give respect to the God being served and hailed.   â€Å"We all believe in one God† (Weigel, 2001), remarked the Saint.   His enthusiasm and love for humanity built a bridge which not all Popes were able to fulfill.   Criticized by some followers of Christianity, his motivation on reaching his prayers even to the extent of other religions gave a positive impact on those individuals who have long felt that Christianity, being the most dominant religion in the world, must reign over.Challenges faced by the PopeHis influence to the masses made him a negotiator in uniting the archipelagos of different countries; he had an amazing view of life, like a philosopher who cared for other people more than himself.   Death threats and vicious plans for assassination haunted his living daylights, but he remained calm, his deep sagacity of forgiveness lurked in every pore of his system, believing that people who have gone astray, must not be punished but be guided (Weigel, 2001).Environment’s role in molding his beliefThe factual argument to support such questions on why his perceptions, character and views were â€Å"godly† and unselfish can be traced with the kind of life he was raised, living in Poland, a â€Å"privacy-oriented† country armed with a raging belief on war, his quest in search for unity indulged him to do good, instead of enrolling in a realm where blood is shed (Weigel, 2001), believed that God was calling him for priesthood, to serve with gospels and not with armors.The institutions where he enrol led also played a large factor in molding his character, as human behavior stresses â€Å"the environment by which one is raised and the people surrounding the individual will most likely be the reasons of what you are today† (Freud & Strachey, 1962).   His family, friends and experiences in life are the main reasons why he possessed the highest level of concern for others.Psychological Theory in his behaviorAccording to developmental psychology, the sense of faith of a person is an acquired form of skill or ability, not an innate one.   It is an inherited acquired phenomenon; given the fact that a new-born baby at the time of birth is non-moral, non-thinking and non-aesthetic, all tantamount to innocence (Dimitrius & Mazzarella, 1991).Therefore, such character is gradually acquired through experience.   It can be then taken to assumption that a family, inclined with scriptures and rituals or of religion, will most likely raise religious offspring.However, a deliberativ e argument of such belief would disprove its validity given the fact that change is most likely to happen, since that the kind of environment which will later be experienced and dwelled upon to by the individual will make abrupt changes in his belief, adaptation would be suitable term (Freud & Strachey, 1962).   Not unless the atmosphere also tames such religiousness.ConclusionInstinct Theory and Learning Theory are evident in the life of the Pope, his belief, that he was being called portrays the first kind and his sense of mimicking priests illustrate his form of motivation in venturing to priesthood (Freud & Strachey, 1962). Such theories are the hugest well supported evidences why the Pope, possess the exceptional characteristic of a human being.   Concluding the existence and the explanations in his life clearly shows that there lived a person, influenced with humanistic theories, but utilized what he has acquired in the â€Å"godliest† way possible.References:Dimitr ius, J.-E., & Mazzarella, M. C. (1991). Reading People: How to Understand People and Predict Their Behavior- -Anytime, Anyplace (1 ed.). New York: Ballantine Books.Freud, S., & Strachey, J. (1962). The Ego and the Id. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.Weigel, G. (2001). Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (1st Cliff Street Books Paperback Ed ed.). New York: Harper Perennial.